New WHO report on Violence against women: It’s a global health problem of epidemic proportions
(Geneva, 20 June 2013)
35% of all women will experience either intimate partner or non-partner violence, 30% of women worldwide are affected by intimate partner violence!
The new World Health Organisation (WHO) report on “Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence” revels the striking data. Prepared in partnership with the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and the South African Medical Research Council the publication is the first systematic study of global data on the prevalence of violence against women – both by partners and non-partners.
The study finds that intimate partner violence is the most common type of violence against women.
The study highlights the need for all sectors to engage in eliminating tolerance for violence against women and better support for women who experience it. New WHO guidelines, launched with the report, aim to help countries improve their health sector’s capacity to respond to violence against women.
Impact on physical and mental health
The report details the impact of violence on the physical and mental health of women and girls. This can range from broken bones to pregnancy-related complications, mental problems and impaired social functioning.
The report’s key findings on the health impacts of violence by an intimate partner were:
- Death and injury - The study found that globally, 38% of all women who were murdered were murdered by their intimate partners, and 42% of women who have experienced physical or sexual violence at the hands of a partner had experienced injuries as a result.
- Depression - Partner violence is a major contributor to women’s mental health problems, with women who have experienced partner violence being almost twice as likely to experience depression compared to women who have not experienced any violence.
- Alcohol use problems - Women experiencing intimate partner violence are almost twice as likely as other women to have alcohol-use problems.
- Sexually transmitted infections - Women who experience physical and/or sexual partner violence are 1.5 times more likely to acquire syphilis infection, chlamydia, or gonorrhoea. In some regions (including sub-Saharan Africa), they are 1.5 times more likely to acquire HIV.
- Unwanted pregnancy and abortion - Both partner violence and non-partner sexual violence are associated with unwanted pregnancy; the report found that women experiencing physical and/or sexual partner violence are twice as likely to have an abortion than women who do not experience this violence.
- Low birth-weight babies - Women who experience partner violence have a 16% greater chance of having a low birth-weight baby.
Need for better reporting and more attention to prevention
Fear of stigma prevents many women from reporting non-partner sexual violence. Other barriers to data collection include the fact that fewer countries collect this data than information about intimate partner violence, and that many surveys of this type of violence employ less sophisticated measurement approaches than those used in monitoring intimate partner violence.
In spite of these obstacles, the review found that 7.2% of women globally had reported non-partner sexual violence. As a result of this violence, they were 2.3 times more likely to have alcohol disorders and 2.6 times more likely to suffer depression or anxiety - slightly more than women experiencing intimate partner violence.
Recommendations to the health sector
The report also emphasizes the urgent need for better care for women who have experienced violence. These women often seek health-care, without necessarily disclosing the cause of their injuries or ill-health.
"In many cases (…) health workers simply do not know how to respond." said Dr Claudia Garcia-Moreno of WHO.
New WHO clinical and policy guidelines released today aim to address this lack of knowledge. They stress the importance of training all levels of health workers to recognize when women may be at risk of partner violence and to know how to provide an appropriate response.
They also point out that some health-care settings, such as antenatal services and HIV testing, may provide opportunities to support survivors of violence, provided certain minimum requirements are met.
- Health providers have been trained how to ask about violence.
- Standard operating procedures are in place.
- Consultation takes place in a private setting.
- Confidentiality is guaranteed.
- A referral system is in place to ensure that women can access related services.
- In the case of sexual assault, health care settings must be equipped to provide the comprehensive response women need - to address both physical and mental health consequences.
The report’s authors stress the importance of using these guidelines to incorporate issues of violence into the medical and nursing curricula as well as during in-service training.
WHO will begin to work with countries in South-East Asia to implement the new recommendations at the end of June. The Organization will partner with ministries of health, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and sister United Nations agencies to disseminate the guidelines, and support their adaptation and use.
To download the report click here.
To learn more about the report click here.
